H & R Block Emerald Advance 2018 Family and Friends
| H | |
|---|---|
| H h | |
| (Run across below) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Blazon | Alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Latin linguistic communication |
| Phonetic usage | [h] [ten] [ħ] [0̸] [ɦ] [ɥ] [ʜ] [ʔ] [◌ʰ] [ç] |
| Unicode codepoint | U+0048, U+0068 |
| Alphabetical position | 8 |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Time period | ~-700 to present |
| Descendants | Ħ Ƕ Ⱶ Һ ʰ h ħ |
| Sisters | И Һ Ԧ ח ح ܚ ࠄ ࠇ 𐎅 𐎈 Հ հ |
| Variations | (See beneath) |
| Other | |
| Other messages commonly used with | h(10), ch, gh, nh, ph, sh, ſh, th, wh, (ten)h |
H, or h, is the eighth letter in the ISO bones Latin alphabet. Its name in English is aitch (pronounced , plural aitches), or regionally haitch .[1]
History
| Egyptian hieroglyph debate | Proto-Sinaitic ḥaṣr | Phoenician Heth | Greek Heta | Etruscan H | Latin H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |  |  |     | |  |
The original Semitic letter of the alphabet Heth most probable represented the voiceless pharyngeal fricative (ħ). The form of the letter of the alphabet probably stood for a fence or posts.
The Greek Eta 'Η' in archaic Greek alphabets, before coming to represent a long vowel, /ɛː/, all the same represented a similar sound, the voiceless glottal fricative /h/. In this context, the letter of the alphabet eta is also known as Heta to underline this fact. Thus, in the Old Italic alphabets, the alphabetic character Heta of the Euboean alphabet was adopted with its original sound value /h/.
While Etruscan and Latin had /h/ as a phoneme, almost all Romance languages lost the audio—Romanian later re-borrowed the /h/ phoneme from its neighbouring Slavic languages, and Spanish adult a secondary /h/ from /f/, before losing it over again; various Castilian dialects have developed [h] every bit an allophone of /s/ or /x/ in almost Spanish-speaking countries, and various dialects of Portuguese use information technology as an allophone of /ʀ/. 'H' is also used in many spelling systems in digraphs and trigraphs, such as 'ch', which represents /tʃ/ in Castilian, Galician, Onetime Portuguese, and English language; /ʃ/ in French and modern Portuguese; /k/ in Italian, French, and English; /x/ in High german, Czech, Polish, Slovak, one native word of English language, and a few loanwords into English; and /ç/ in German.
Proper name in English
For most English speakers, the name for the letter is pronounced every bit and spelled "aitch"[i] or occasionally "eitch". The pronunciation and the associated spelling "haitch" is oftentimes considered to be h-calculation and is considered nonstandard in England.[2] It is, however, a feature of Hiberno-English language,[three] besides as scattered varieties of Edinburgh, England, and Welsh English,[4] and in Australia and Nova Scotia.
The perceived name of the letter of the alphabet affects the choice of indefinite article before initialisms beginning with H: for example "an H-bomb" or "a H-bomb". The pronunciation /heɪtʃ/ may be a hypercorrection formed past analogy with the names of the other letters of the alphabet, most of which include the sound they represent.[5]
The haitch pronunciation of h has spread in England, being used by approximately 24% of English people born since 1982,[6] and polls continue to show this pronunciation condign more mutual among younger native speakers. Despite this increasing number, the pronunciation without the /h/ sound is yet considered to exist standard in England, although the pronunciation with /h/ is also attested as a legitimate variant.[2]
Government disagree most the history of the letter of the alphabet'southward name. The Oxford English Lexicon says the original name of the letter was [ˈaha] in Latin; this became [ˈaka] in Vulgar Latin, passed into English via Old French [atʃ], and by Middle English was pronounced [aːtʃ]. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language derives it from French hache from Latin haca or hic. Anatoly Liberman suggests a conflation of two obsolete orderings of the alphabet, i with H immediately followed by Thou and the other without whatever K: reciting the former'south ..., H, One thousand, 50,... every bit [...(h)a ka el ...] when reinterpreted for the latter ..., H, L,... would imply a pronunciation [(h)a ka] for H.[seven]
Use in writing systems
English
In English, ⟨h⟩ occurs every bit a single-letter grapheme (being either silent or representing the voiceless glottal fricative () and in various digraphs, such equally ⟨ch⟩ , , , or ), ⟨gh⟩ (silent, /ɡ/, /grand/, /p/, or /f/), ⟨ph⟩ (/f/), ⟨rh⟩ (/r/), ⟨sh⟩ (), ⟨th⟩ ( or ), ⟨wh⟩ (/hw/ [8]). The letter is silent in a syllable rime, as in ah, ohm, dahlia, cheetah, pooh-poohed, likewise every bit in certain other words (mostly of French origin) such equally hour, honest, herb (in American but non British English) and vehicle (in sure varieties of English). Initial /h/ is often non pronounced in the weak form of some function words including had, has, have, he, her, him, his, and in some varieties of English language (including near regional dialects of England and Wales) it is often omitted in all words (encounter '⟨h⟩'-dropping). It was formerly common for an rather than a to be used as the indefinite article before a word kickoff with /h/ in an unstressed syllable, as in "an historian", but utilize of a is now more usual (see English language articles § Indefinite commodity). In English, The pronunciation of ⟨h⟩ every bit /h/ tin be analyzed equally a voiceless vowel. That is, when the phoneme /h/ precedes a vowel, /h/ may exist realized as a voiceless version of the subsequent vowel. For instance the word ⟨striking⟩, /hɪt/ is realized as [ɪ̥ɪt].[9] H is the eighth most ofttimes used letter of the alphabet in the English language language (later S, N, I, O, A, T, and E), with a frequency of about 4.2% in words.[ commendation needed ] When h is placed after sure other consonants, it modifies their pronunciation in various ways, due east.one thousand. for ch, gh, ph, sh, and th.
Other languages
In the High german language, the name of the alphabetic character is pronounced /haː/. Following a vowel, information technology ofttimes silently indicates that the vowel is long: In the give-and-take erhöhen ('raise'), the second ⟨h⟩ is mute for most speakers exterior of Switzerland. In 1901, a spelling reform eliminated the silent ⟨h⟩ in nearly all instances of ⟨th⟩ in native German words such as thun ('to practice') or Thür ('door'). It has been left unchanged in words derived from Greek, such every bit Theater ('theater') and Thron ('throne'), which go along to be spelled with ⟨th⟩ even subsequently the final German spelling reform.
In Castilian and Portuguese, ⟨h⟩ (" hache " in Spanish, pronounced ['atʃe], or agá in Portuguese, pronounced [aˈɣa] or [ɐˈɡa]) is a silent letter with no pronunciation, as in hijo [ˈixo] ('son') and húngaro [ˈũɡaɾu] ('Hungarian'). The spelling reflects an earlier pronunciation of the sound /h/. In words where the ⟨h⟩ is derived from a Latin /f/, it is notwithstanding sometimes pronounced with the value [h] in some regions of Andalusia, Extremadura, Canarias, Cantabria, and the Americas. Some words beginning with [je] or [we], such equally hielo , 'ice' and huevo , 'egg', were given an initial ⟨h⟩ to avoid confusion between their initial semivowels and the consonants ⟨j⟩ and ⟨v⟩. This is because ⟨j⟩ and ⟨v⟩ used to be considered variants of ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩ respectively. ⟨h⟩ besides appears in the digraph ⟨ch⟩, which represents /tʃ/ in Spanish and northern Portugal, and /ʃ/ in varieties that have merged both sounds (the latter originally represented by ⟨ten⟩ instead), such as well-nigh of the Portuguese linguistic communication and some Spanish dialects, prominently Chilean Spanish.
In French, the proper name of the letter of the alphabet is written as "ache" and pronounced /aʃ/. The French orthography classifies words that brainstorm with this letter in ii ways, one of which tin can affect the pronunciation, even though information technology is a silent letter either way. The H muet, or "mute" ⟨h⟩, is considered as though the letter were not there at all, so for example the singular definite article le or la, which is elided to l' before a vowel, elides before an H muet followed past a vowel. For example, le + hébergement becomes 50'hébergement ('the accommodation'). The other kind of ⟨h⟩ is chosen h aspiré ("aspirated '⟨h⟩'", though it is non normally aspirated phonetically), and does not allow elision or liaison. For example in le homard ('the lobster') the article le remains unelided, and may be separated from the noun with a chip of a glottal cease. Most words that begin with an H muet come up from Latin (honneur, homme) or from Greek through Latin (hécatombe), whereas almost words kickoff with an H aspiré come from Germanic (harpe, hareng) or not-Indo-European languages (harem, hamac, haricot); in some cases, an orthographic ⟨h⟩ was added to disambiguate the [v] and semivowel [ɥ] pronunciations earlier the introduction of the distinction between the messages ⟨five⟩ and ⟨u⟩: huit (from uit, ultimately from Latin octo), huître (from uistre, ultimately from Greek through Latin ostrea).
In Italian, ⟨h⟩ has no phonological value. Its most important uses are in the digraphs 'ch' /thousand/ and 'gh' /ɡ/, as well every bit to differentiate the spellings of certain short words that are homophones, for example some present tense forms of the verb avere ('to have') (such as hanno, 'they accept', vs. anno, 'yr'), and in short interjections (oh, ehi).
Some languages, including Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian use ⟨h⟩ as a breathy voiced glottal fricative [ɦ], often every bit an allophone of otherwise voiceless /h/ in a voiced surroundings.
In Hungarian, the letter has no fewer than five pronunciations, with three additional uses as a productive and not-productive element of digraphs. The letter h may represent /h/ equally in the name of the Székely town Hargita; intervocalically it represents /ɦ/ as in tehén; it represents /x/ in the give-and-take doh; it represents /ç/ in ihlet; and it is silent in cseh. As part of a digraph, it represents, in primitive spelling, /t͡ʃ/ with the letter c equally in the proper name Széchenyi; information technology represents, again, with the letter c, /x/ in pech (which is pronounced [pɛxː]); in certain environments information technology breaks palatalization of a consonant, every bit in the name Beöthy which is pronounced [bøːti] (without the intervening h, the name Beöty could exist pronounced [bøːc]); and finally, it acts every bit a silent component of a digraph, as in the name Vargha, pronounced [vɒrgɒ].
In Ukrainian and Belarusian, when written in the Latin alphabet, ⟨h⟩ is also normally used for /ɦ/, which is otherwise written with the Cyrillic letter ⟨г⟩.
In Irish gaelic, ⟨h⟩ is not considered an contained letter, except for a very few non-native words, still ⟨h⟩ placed after a consonant is known equally a "séimhiú" and indicates lenition of that consonant; ⟨h⟩ began to replace the original form of a séimhiú, a dot placed above the consonant, afterwards the introduction of typewriters.
In near dialects of Shine, both ⟨h⟩ and the digraph ⟨ch⟩ always represent /x/.
In Basque, during the 20th century information technology was not used in the orthography of the Basque dialects in Spain but it marked an aspiration in the North-Eastern dialects. During the standardization of Basque in the 1970s, the compromise was reached that h would be accustomed if it were the first consonant in a syllable. Hence, herri ("people") and etorri ("to come") were accepted instead of erri (Biscayan) and ethorri (Souletin). Speakers could pronounce the h or not. For the dialects defective the aspiration, this meant a complexity added to the standardized spelling.
Other systems
As a phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), it is used mainly for the so-chosen aspirations (fricative or trills), and variations of the obviously letter are used to represent two sounds: the lowercase form ⟨h⟩ represents the voiceless glottal fricative, and the small capital class ⟨ʜ⟩ represents the voiceless epiglottal fricative (or trill). With a bar, minuscule ⟨ħ⟩ is used for a voiceless pharyngeal fricative. Specific to the IPA, a hooked ⟨ɦ⟩ is used for a voiced glottal fricative, and a superscript ⟨ʰ⟩ is used to represent aspiration.
- H with diacritics: Ĥ ĥ Ȟ ȟ Ħ ħ Ḩ ḩ Ⱨ ⱨ ẖ ẖ Ḥ ḥ Ḣ ḣ Ḧ ḧ Ḫ ḫ ꞕ Ꜧ ꜧ
- IPA-specific symbols related to H: ʜ ꟸ ɦ ʰ ʱ ɥ ᶣ [10]
- ᴴ : Modifier letter of the alphabet H is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[xi]
- ₕ : Subscript small h was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902[12]
- ʰ : Modifier letter modest h is used in Indo-European studies[13]
- ʮ and ʯ : Turned H with fishhook and turned H with fishhook and tail are used in Sino-Tibetanist linguistics[14]
- Ƕ ƕ : Latin letter hwair, derived from a ligature of the digraph hv, and used to transliterate the Gothic letter 𐍈 (which represented the audio [hʷ])
- Ⱶ ⱶ : Claudian letters[15]
- Ꟶ ꟶ : Reversed half h used in Roman inscriptions from the Roman provinces of Gaul[xvi]
Ancestors, siblings, and descendants in other alphabets
- 𐤇 : Semitic alphabetic character Heth, from which the post-obit symbols derive
- Η η : Greek letter Eta, from which the post-obit symbols derive
- 𐌇 : Old Italic H, the antecedent of modern Latin H
- ᚺ, ᚻ : Runic letter haglaz, which is probably a descendant of Old Italic H
- Һ һ : Cyrillic letter Shha, which derives from Latin H
- И и : Cyrillic letter И, which derives from the Greek alphabetic character Eta
- 𐌷 : Gothic letter haal
- 𐌇 : Old Italic H, the antecedent of modern Latin H
- Η η : Greek letter Eta, from which the post-obit symbols derive
Derived signs, symbols, and abbreviations
- h : Planck constant
- ℏ : reduced Planck constant
- : Blackboard bold upper-case letter H used in quaternion notation
Computing codes
| Preview | H | h | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H | LATIN Small Letter of the alphabet H | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 72 | U+0048 | 104 | U+0068 |
| UTF-viii | 72 | 48 | 104 | 68 |
| Numeric character reference | H | H | h | h |
| EBCDIC family | 200 | C8 | 136 | 88 |
| ASCII 1 | 72 | 48 | 104 | 68 |
1 and all encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859, and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
Run into besides
- American Sign Language grammar
- Listing of Egyptian hieroglyphs#H
References
- ^ a b "H" Oxford English Lexicon, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster'southward Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "aitch" or "haitch", op. cit.
- ^ a b "'Haitch' or 'aitch'? How exercise you pronounce 'H'?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved iii September 2016.
- ^ Dolan, T. P. (ane January 2004). A Dictionary of Hiberno-English: The Irish Employ of English. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. ISBN9780717135356. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved iii September 2016 – via Google Books.
- ^ Vaux, Bert. The Cambridge Online Survey of World Englishes Archived 24 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Academy of Cambridge.
- ^ Todd, 50. & Hancock I.: "International English Ipod", folio 254. Routledge, 1990.
- ^ John C. Wells, Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, page 360, Pearson, Harlow, 2008
- ^ Liberman, Anatoly (vii August 2013). "Alphabet soup, part 2: H and Y". Oxford Etymologist. Oxford Academy Press. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
- ^ In many dialects, /hw/ and /west/ have merged
- ^ "phonology - Why is /h/ called voiceless vowel phonetically, and /h/ consonant phonologically?". Linguistics Stack Exchange. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
- ^ Constable, Peter (xix April 2004). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on eleven October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (xx March 2002). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on nineteen Feb 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Aalto, Tero; Everson, Michael (27 January 2009). "L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (vii June 2004). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 Oct 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ Cook, Richard; Everson, Michael (20 September 2001). "L2/01-347: Proposal to add half dozen phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ Everson, Michael (12 August 2005). "L2/05-193R2: Proposal to add together Claudian Latin messages to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on fourteen June 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ West, Andrew; Everson, Michael (25 March 2019). "L2/19-092: Proposal to encode Latin Letter Reversed One-half H" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on xiii June 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to H. |
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H
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